Evidence: before the index, the same query was REFUSED (threshold). The index write was INDEXED and $filter=LVChoice eq 'Alpha' was SERVED (page full, so the count is unreadable) after 1 attempt(s) and 212 ms. The grouped query was then re-sent over 12 attempt(s) and 176814 ms, against the roughly 61,000 ms #480 gave it: at 646 ms grouped REFUSED (threshold), filter SERVED (page full, so the count is unreadable); at 16266 ms grouped REFUSED (threshold), filter SERVED (page full, so the count is unreadable); at 32546 ms grouped REFUSED (threshold), filter SERVED (page full, so the count is unreadable); at 48610 ms grouped REFUSED (threshold), filter SERVED (page full, so the count is unreadable); at 64715 ms grouped REFUSED (threshold), filter SERVED (page full, so the count is unreadable); at 80727 ms grouped REFUSED (threshold), filter SERVED (page full, so the count is unreadable); at 97044 ms grouped REFUSED (threshold), filter SERVED (page full, so the count is unreadable); at 112975 ms grouped REFUSED (threshold), filter SERVED (page full, so the count is unreadable); at 129066 ms grouped REFUSED (threshold), filter SERVED (page full, so the count is unreadable); at 144795 ms grouped REFUSED (threshold), filter SERVED (page full, so the count is unreadable); at 160679 ms grouped REFUSED (threshold), filter SERVED (page full, so the count is unreadable); at 176814 ms grouped REFUSED (threshold), filter SERVED (page full, so the count is unreadable). Last reading: collapsed HTTP 500 returned 0 row(s) against a RowLimit of 100, labels {"LVChoice":[]}, grouping markers [], dimensions honoured 0 of 1 on the collapsed rows ([]) and 0 of 1 on the expanded rows ([]), first row null; expanded HTTP 500 returned 0 row(s); the same query with no <GroupBy> returned HTTP 200 with 100 row(s); ViewXml <View><Query><GroupBy Collapse="TRUE"><FieldRef Name="LVChoice"/></GroupBy></Query><ViewFields><FieldRef Name="FileLeafRef"/><FieldRef Name="LVNumber"/><FieldRef Name="LVChoice"/></ViewFields><RowLimit>100</RowLimit></View>; collapsed body {"odata.error":{"code":"-2147024860, Microsoft.SharePoint.SPQueryThrottledException","message":{"lang":"en-US","value":"The attempted operation is prohibited because it exceeds the list view threshold."}}}. The answer did not change over 176814 ms. That is a longer wait than #480 took and it is still a bounded one, so what it settles is that an index does not lift this group-by within that window, which is the strongest form the claim can take from one run.